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Faqs Bankruptcy Questions You Probably Have About Bankruptcy
Declaring personal bankruptcy is no laughing matter It’s a serious step that you will have to study carefully before making your decision, since filing Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 will affect your family’s finances for a long time to come That’s why this article will cover some frequently asked questions about bankruptcy . .How much does it cost to declare bankruptcy? . . .Well, at the time of this writing, the cost for Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing is $274, while Chapter 13 would cost you $189 Keep in mind this is only the court filing fee and does not include your legal fees . .Has the new bankruptcy law made it more difficult to declare bankruptcy? . .The new bankruptcy law passed in 2005 by Congress and signed by President George W Bush has made the process more complex However, contrary to popular misconception, bankruptcy is still available for many Americans who need help There are some changes such as mandatory credit counseling and having to go through something called a means test in order to determine your financial needs based on income and expenses This was supposed to keep people from abusing the bankruptcy process when they didn’t really need it . .Do you really need a lawyer to declare bankruptcy? . .Following up on the previous question regarding the new bankruptcy law, you have to understand the process has become more difficult You really need a good bankruptcy lawyer who has kept up with all the changes and can give you the best possible advice for your particular scenario Going it alone is really not a good option, and you should make sure that your attorney is paying attention to your needs and answering your particular questions Generic advice is not good enough . .There are many more questions that you probably have regarding bankruptcy, and you would do well to continue to research the process before visiting a lawyer This will help you become more informed so you can make better questions during your visit, and you may even save some money by not wasting time asking the most common questions Keep in mind that a lawyer charges by the hour, and saving money is a good idea if your situation is bad enough to consider bankruptcy .
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Are You Thinking About Filing For Bankruptcy Protection?
Bankruptcy Overview Bankruptcy, when you come right down to it, is the process that enables those who are unable to pay their debts get a fresh start. It allows for some or all of these debts to be discharged or reorganized. Individuals or businesses may file bankruptcy. This enables you to clean the slate and get a 2nd chance with your finances. In most instances, bankruptcy provides a fair method for compensating your creditors as well. The bankruptcy process need not be your worst nightmare. However, there are certain requirements that must be met. You will be required to file a list of all of your outstanding debts and a complete list of your assets. This is done with the help of your lawyer thru the Federal Courts. To make this process easier to understand, your “Assets” fall into two categories. They are: Exempt and Non-Exempt Exempt assets are the property or belongings that you do NOT have to use to pay off the debts you have incurred. In other words, exempt assets are off the table, (not in play) and may not be touched by your creditors. In most instances this includes a certain amount of equity in your home, and some of the equity in a vehicle. For the most part, your clothing, and other personal items are deemed exempt. This does not include the expensive jewelry, furs and the big boys toys. Next, you will be assigned a “trustee” by the Federal Bankruptcy Court to administer the payment of your debts. Your debts also fall into two categories. They are: Secured debts and Unsecured debts. A Secured debt is one in which the creditor retains a “security interest.” Most often it is the same property that was purchased with the credit that creditor extended. Secured debts occupy the first position. This means they enjoy priority over non-secured debts, and must be satisfied first. If you are unable to pay off secured debts, the creditor has the option to repossess that property and sell it. If there is any “short fall”, that remaining debt is now considered unsecured. It doesn?t go away, it has only changed from secured to unsecured. Once you have filed for protection, the court will issue an “automatic stay”. This stops your creditors in their tracks. They may not take additional action against you beyond the bankruptcy. This allows you to avert impending repossessions and foreclosures. Chapter 7 In Chapter 7 Bankruptcy you are in fact liquidating your assets. This means that you are only permitted to keep “exempt” property. The remaining non-exempt property will be sold to the highest bidder. The proceeds of the sale are applied to the outstanding debt. The shortfall or amount left unpaid by the sale is then discharged. In Chapter 7 Bankruptcy there are a few debts that are not dischargeable. They include taxes, back child support, DWI fines and student loans. Chapter 13 In Chapter 13 Bankruptcy you are trying to regroup, recoup and get back on track. It is commonly known as the “reorganization bankruptcy for individuals.” Individuals who want to pay off their debt over a period of three to five years file Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Chapter 11 Chapter 11 Bankruptcy is commonly used as the reorganization tool for businesses. This kind of bankruptcy is attractive if you own “non-exempt” property that you want to protect. Chapter 11 will also help you to catch up on bills that have fallen into arrears. It effectively blocks an impending repossession or foreclosure. Not everyone is eligible for a Chapter 13 bankruptcy. You must have a reliable source of income that is sufficient to pay your reasonable everyday expenses and still have an amount of positive cash flow with which you begin paying off past due bills. If you file a Chapter 13 you are required to submit a plan to repay your debts that includes a set timeframe and set amounts to be repaid. Upon approval of the bankruptcy court, both parties (debtors & creditors) are obliged to accept the terms of the order What To Do Now Choosing your bankruptcy lawyer is an important decision. This beginning process allows you to evaluate and determine your best course of action. This discussion is also your opportunity to satisfy yourself that the Jersey Justice sponsoring attorney?s fees are reasonable for your type of case. Am I Making The Right Decision? In all likelihood you are stressed and feeling the pressure to seek professional help with your finances. Your decision to look for an experienced bankruptcy attorney may be the best financial decision you have made in a long time. Even taking the beginning steps to consult with an attorney takes enormous courage. You may even be thinking about struggling through all the mess on your own. That could be a very lonely path. Before you make the decision to go it alone, ask yourself a few questions. If two or more of these are you, then it could be the perfect time to seek the services of a bankruptcy professional. Are You: receiving harassing or threatening phone calls from people you owe? paying the minimum payment possible on your credit cards? taking out Payday Loans? (which by the way are illegal in NJ) begging for loans from friends and family? about to lose your job? behind in your taxes? receiving foreclosure notices? behind in child support or alimony? gambling to try and make ends meet? sick and unable to even go to work? If your answers indicate that you are in financial deep water, bankruptcy may be your best solution, but you will never know for sure until you get the advice of an attorney. How Will Bankruptcy Effect My Life? Your Bankruptcy Attorney will be able to explain some other very important considerations. What happens after bankruptcy? What will my life be like? Will I ever be able to get credit again? How do I live within a budget? How do I start all over? How do I rebuild my credit? If these nagging questions are on your mind, then a bankruptcy attorney is right for you. It is true. A bankruptcy can be a persistent source of blemishes on your credit report for up to 10 years. The good news is you are able to start re-establishing your credit the moment your case is closed. How good is your present report? It is probably already suffering the consequences of late payments, delinquencies and every other known credit report disorder. Think about this. Your credit score could actually improve due to the elimination of most of your debt. Lenders actually believe that you are a better credit risk now since they know that you may not file bankruptcy again for another six years. At about 18 months to 24 months into your bankruptcy you will even be able to qualify for a new home loan if you are able to come up with a minimum down payment backed up with proof of income that supports the debt service. Auto loans are available to individuals upon discharge of your existing debt. And believe it or not you will start receiving offers for credit almost immediately. But “caution” is the watchword at this critical point in time. The offers of credit could have been what got you into trouble in the first place. Tony Merlino is webmaster and legal marketing consultant at <a href="http://www.JerseyJustice.com" target="_blank">http://www.JerseyJustice.com</a> ,a legal information and marketing portal for clients and their lawyers in New Jersey.
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Shouldn t you be able to discharge your student loans in a bankruptcy?
Many students today leave college and graduate schools with mounting bills before they ever commence their employment life. In many cases these student loans can amount to an excess of $200,000. The monthly payments new graduates face can be as significant as $1,200 per month. Couple that payment with the uncertainty of the US and world economy and the situation truly appears to be grim. Many of today s young professionals and working class amass large unsecured debt through credit card purchases just to get by. They do not earn even as much money as the median person in their state. Many have purchased homes with current fair market values worth many thousands of dollars less then their mortgages, and in many cases fall behind on their payments. What are their options negotiate with their creditors? If these debtors can not afford to commit to the massive payments, then negotiation is not an option. Their only true salvation is a chapter 7 bankruptcy. The debtors certainly can get some relief from filing for bankruptcy. If they have incurred massive credit card debt, medical bills, or even judgments for failure to pay debts, those all can be wiped out as unsecured debt. If they can not afford their home, they can always walk away from it. Even if the bank can not recoup their money and obtains a deficiency judgment against the debtor, that judgment is not secured as the mortgage was, it can also be stripped. However, many young debtors largest concern and most significant payment comes in the form of their student loan. What happens to that debt? Currently, a student loan is not secured in any collateral, but it is considered a priority debt, and can not be wiped out quite so easily. In order for a debt to be discharged, it first must be classified as a consumer debt. The debt must have been incurred for a personal, household or family purpose. For example, most courts have held that taxes are not consumer debts within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code. Debts incurred in the production of income are generally not considered consumer debts. Compass Bank v. Meyer (In re Meyer), 296 B.R. 849 (2003). Other courts, including two courts of appeals, have adopted the ”profit motive” test. Baskin v. G. Fox and Co., 550 F. Supp. 64 (D. Conn. 1982). Under this test, a debt is not a consumer debt if it ”was incurred with an eye toward profit.” In re Booth, 858 F.2d 1051, 1055, (5th Cir. 1988). If a debt is incurred partly for business purposes and partly for personal, family or household purposes, the term ”primarily” in the definition suggests that whether the debt is a ”consumer debt” should depend upon which purpose predominates. Presumably, this determination would normally turn on the purpose for which most of the funds were obtained. In re Booth. Under this test, courts have concluded that student loans may or may not be consumer debts, depending in part on the motivation for obtaining them. In re Stewart, 175 F.3d 796 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 1997). The court held a student loan classification depends on facts; in the case, classification of a portion of medical school loans as consumer debt was not erroneous. If a court determines that a student loan is a consumer debt, which in and of itself still will not provide grounds to discharge the loan. A court must find pursuant to Section 523(a)(8) of the US Bankruptcy Code, that the student loan qualifies as an undue hardship which allows the court to discharge an otherwise nondischargeable priority debt if excluding the debt from discharge will necessitate an undue hardship on the debtor or the debtor’s dependents. Such a judicial decision is discretionary with the bankruptcy judge in determining whether payment of the debt will cause undue hardship on the debtor, thus defeating the ”fresh start” concept of the bankruptcy laws. The most widely used test for evaluating the dischargeability of a student loan under section 523(a)(8) states that the debt is dischargeable if three conditions are met: 1. The debtor cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses, a ”minimal” standard of living if forced to repay the loans; 2. There are indications that the state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period; and 3. The debtor made good faith efforts to repay the loans. Brunner v. New York State Higher Educ. Servs. Corp., 831 F.2d 395 (2d Cir. 1987) The Supreme Court has stated that section 523(a)(8) is ‘’self-executing” and that ”[u]nless the debtor affirmatively secures a hardship determination, the discharge order will not include a student loan debt.” Tennessee Student Assistance Corp. v. Hood, 541 U.S. 440 (2004). In other words, student loan debt remains due until there is a determination that the loan is dischargeable. Underwood v. United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (In re Underwood), 299 B.R. 471 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2003). To demonstrate the current criteria used by the Bankruptcy court to discharge a student loan, the district of Massachusetts has set a high bar. The debtor was a 32 year old unmarried woman who suffered from relapsing, recurring Multiple Sclerosis. The debtor’s currently monthly income totaled $ 1101. The court found that the debtor’s minimum expenses exceed her income. The debtor would have to give up her telephone and her gas money to become even marginally solvent. The court also found that the debtor had made Herculean efforts to both find work of a type she could perform and actually work despite facing daunting physical obstacles. Finally, the court found that the debtor’s current condition, which had worsened since she first became symptomatic, would continue to impair her ability to find employment that would improve her financial status. The court reasoned in part that it had been able to observe many of the debtor’s symptoms first-hand. Denittis v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re Denittis), 362 B.R. 57 (First Circuit for the District of Massachusetts 2007). As a further example of how precarious a debtor s situation must be, the same court as above denied the debtor s motion to discharge her student loan. The court held the educational loans were not dischargeable under 11 U.S.C.S. 523(a)(8) because the debtor’s prospects for increasing income over time were promising and, by slightly cutting her expenses, she could make the minimal payments towards her student loan obligations under the Income Contingent Repayment Plan. Brunell v. Citibank (SD) N.A. (In re Brunell), 356 B.R. 567 (1st Circuit, 2006).The forgoing article on bankruptcy relief from student loans was drafted by Attorney Michael Goldstein, a <a href="http://www.goldsteinandclegglaw.com/bankruptcy_blog">Massachusetts Bankruptcy Attorney</a>.
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